Verbum provides several options for inputting original language text, allowing you to pick the method that works best for you.
Note: Regardless of the approach you choose, as you enter a word in a search box, Verbum will provide a dropdown list of suggested search queries. For best search results, select one of these.
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Copy and Paste
You can work with original language words without having to type at all.
- Right-click the word or phrase you want to copy.
- Select the phrase or the form of the word you want to copy in the left pane of the Context menu.
- Click Copy in the right pane of the Context menu.
- Paste into the Search box, a document, etc. by right-clicking and selecting Paste, or by pressing Cmd+V (Mac) or Ctrl+V (Windows).
Transliterate
You can use transliteration to search for original-language words in Verbum.
- Type the language designation in the search box, followed by a colon
- g: (Greek)
- h: (Hebrew)
- a: (Aramaic)
- After the colon, type a transliteration of the word you want to search. (Don’t leave a space between the colon and the transliterated word).
- Verbum will parse your input and will provide a list of query options in the dropdown menu that appears. Click the query you want to search.
Use the Keyboard Selector
Note: This feature is only available in the Verbum desktop application. You may deactivate the keyboard selector in the Program Settings menu.
The keyboard selector appears in input boxes where you might want to enter original language characters. You can pick between English, Greek, and Hebrew by clicking the keyboard icon and selecting the desired language. You can also toggle between keyboards by pressing Ctrl+Alt+Space (Windows) or Cmd+Ctrl+Space (Mac). At any time, pressing the Caps Lock key will escape the biblical language keyboard, so you can, for example, quickly type search operators.
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Once you’ve typed in what you want to search for, press Enter to search the surface text, or (for best results) select it from the dropdown list that appears.
Entering Hebrew Text
Right to Left
Remember that Hebrew runs right to left. When the Hebrew keyboard is active, backspace will remove the character to the right of the cursor. Vowels should be input after their corresponding consonant. Morphological searches or searches with operators still operate left to right, even though Hebrew words or phrases are written right to left.
Examples:
- Type גָדָל by entering gimel, qamets, dalet, qamets, lamed.
- lemma:גדל@Va will return results lemma:aV@גדל will not
- lemma:גדל@Va BEFORE lemma:הלך returns the result וַיִּגְדַּ֖ל הָאִ֑ישׁ וַיֵּ֤לֶךְ הָלוֹךְ֙
Vocalization, Punctuation, and Cantillation Marks
Both surface searches (pressing Enter) and query picker suggestions (selecting from the dropdown) are not sensitive to vocalization, punctuation, or cantillation marks.
Examples:
- If you input גדל OR גָדָל and press Enter, Verbum will show results for any occurrences of that sequence of consonants (such as גדל, גֹ֨דֶל, or גָדַ֣ל). Verbum will not return results for גדל with a prefix or suffix (such as גִּדַּ֣לְתִּי).
- If you input גדל OR גָדָל and select the lemma from the dropdown menu that appears, Verbum will return all the results for that lemma, including those with prefixes and suffixes (e.g. גִּדַּ֣לְתִּי).
If you want to find an inflected form of a Hebrew word
- Use the Basic, Bible, or Morph search types to enter the consonantal text of the inflected form of the word (e.g. אגדל) and press Enter.
Or
- Use the morph picker in the Morph search:
- Type the Hebrew word,
- Select the lemma from the search query dropdown,
- Toggle to English input,
- Type @ to the right of the Hebrew word. Then select the characteristics you want to search for. Your query should look similar to: lemma:גדל@V.
Alternatively, you can type your query by following the pattern above.
Note: Be sure to enter lemma: or root: before entering the Hebrew letters. Remember, pressing the Caps Lock key will toggle your input back to your system language.
If you want to perform a search sensitive to cantillations marks, create a new syntax search and ensure the Lexham Hebrew Bible: Cantillation Database is selected.
English/Hebrew Keyboard Map
Click here to download the English/Hebrew keyboard maps.
| Letter | Name | Keystroke |
|---|---|---|
| א | aleph | shift+. |
| ב | bet | b |
| ג | gimel | g |
| ד | dalet | d |
| ה | he | h |
| ו | vav | w |
| ז | zayin | z |
| ח | khet | x |
| ט | tet | v |
| י | yod | y |
| כ | kaph | k |
| ך | kaph (final) | shift+k |
| ל | lamed | l |
| מ | mem | m |
| ם | mem (final) | shift+m |
| נ | nun | n |
| ן | nun (final) | shift+n |
| ס | samek | s |
| ע | ayin | shift+, |
| פ | pe | p |
| ף | pe (final) | shift+p |
| צ | tsade | c |
| ץ | tsade (final) | shift+c |
| ק | qoph | q |
| ר | resh | r |
| שׂ | sin | f |
| שׁ | shin | j |
| ת | tav | t |
Other
| Diacritic | Name | Keystroke |
|---|---|---|
| בַ | patakh | a |
| בָ | qamets (qamets hatup) | shift+a |
| בֶ | segol | e |
| בֵ | tsere | shift+e |
| בִ | hireq | i |
| בֹ | holem | o |
| וֹ | full holem | w+o |
| בֻ | qibbuts | u |
| וּ | shureq | + |
| בְ | shewa | ; |
| בּ | dagesh | + |
| בֲ | hat. patah | alt+shift+a (Windows) opt+shift+a (macOS) |
| בֱ | hat. segol | alt+shift+e (Windows) opt+shift+e (macOS) |
| בֳ | hat. qamats | alt+shift+o (Windows) opt+shift+o (macOS) |
| ב֘ | zarqa | shift+2 |
| ב֨ | qadma | shift+3 |
| ב֜ | geresh | shift+4 |
| ב֞ | gershayim | shift+5 |
| ב֬ | iluy | shift+7 |
| ב֝ | g. muqdam | shift+8 |
| ב֗ | revia | shift+q |
| ב֟ | qar. para | shift+y |
| בֽ | meteg | alt+1 (Windows) opt+1 (macOS) |
| ב֢ | atn. hafukh | alt+2 (Windows) opt+2 (macOS) |
| ב֖ | tipeha | alt+3 (Windows) opt+3 (macOS) |
| ב֥ | merkha | alt+4 (Windows) opt+4 (macOS) |
| ב֦ | mer. kefula | alt+5 (Windows) opt+5 (macOS) |
| ב֭ | dehi | alt+6 (Windows) opt+6 (macOS) |
| ב֣ | munah | alt+7 (Windows) opt+7 (macOS) |
| ב֛ | tevir | alt+8 (Windows) opt+8 (macOS) |
| ב֧ | darga | alt+9 (Windows) opt+9 (macOS) |
| ב֪ | yer ben yomo | alt+0 (Windows) opt+0 (macOS) |
| ב֑ | etnahta | alt+= (Windows) opt+= (macOS) |
| בׇ | qam. qatan | alt+o (Windows) opt+o (macOS) |
| ב֚ | yetiv | alt+] (Windows) opt+] (macOS) |
| ב֤ | mahapakh | alt+\ (Windows) opt+\ (macOS) |
| ◦ | bullet | alt+g (Windows) opt+g (macOS) |
| ב̣ | punctum | alt+‘ (Windows) opt+‘ (macOS) |
| n/a | Zero width non-joiner 2x | alt+m (Windows) opt+m (macOS) |
| « | guillemets | alt+, (Windows) opt+, (macOS) |
| » | guillemets | alt+, (Windows) opt+, (macOS) |
| ב׳ | geresh p. | alt+/ (Windows) opt+/ (macOS) |
| ב֗ | revia | alt+shift+1 (Windows) opt+shift+1 (macOS) |
| ב֮ | zinor | alt+shift+2 (Windows) opt+shift+2 (macOS) |
| ב֙ | pashta | alt+shift+3 (Windows) opt+shift+3 (macOS) |
| ב֠ | tel. gedola | alt+shift+4 (Windows) opt+shift+4 (macOS) |
| ב֩ | tel. qetana | alt+shift+5 (Windows) opt+shift+5 (macOS) |
| ב֟ | qar. para | alt+shift+6 (Windows) opt+shift+6 (macOS) |
| ב֡ | pazer | alt+shift+7 (Windows) opt+shift+7 (macOS) |
| ב֕ | zaq. gadol | alt+shift+8 (Windows) opt+shift+8 (macOS) |
| ב֓ | shalshalet | alt+shift+9 (Windows) opt+shift+9 (macOS) |
| ב֯ | masora c. | alt+shift+0 (Windows) opt+shift+0 (macOS) |
| בֿ | rafe | alt+shift+- (Windows) opt+shift+- (macOS) |
| ◌ | mark base | alt+shift+= (Windows) opt+shift+= (macOS) |
| n/a | c. grapheme joiner | alt+shift+p (Windows) opt+shift+p (macOS) |
| ב֔ | zaq. qatan | alt+shift+[ (Windows) opt+shift+[ (macOS) |
| ב֒ | segolta | alt+shift+] (Windows) opt+shift+] (macOS) |
| ב֫ | ole | alt+shift+\ (Windows) opt+shift+\ (macOS) |
| • | bullet | alt+shift+g (Windows) opt+shift+g (macOS) |
| ב̊ | ring above | alt+shift+h (Windows) opt+shift+h (macOS) |
| ב׃ | sof pasuq | alt+shift+; (Windows) opt+shift+; (macOS) |
| בׄ | punctum | alt+shift+’ (Windows) opt+shift+’ (macOS) |
| ב̇ | masora dot | alt+shift+, (Windows) opt+shift+, (macOS) |
| ב̈ | thousands | alt+shift+. (Windows) opt+shift+. (macOS) |
Entering Greek Text
Accents and Breathing Marks
Both surface searches (pressing Enter) and query picker suggestions (selecting from the dropdown) are not sensitive to accents or breathing marks.
Examples:
- Input breathing marks and accents after its corresponding letter. For example, enter οὐδέ by typing (1) omicron, (2) upsilon, (3) smooth breathing mark, (4) delta, (5) epsilon, (6) acute accent.
- If you input εις, the query will suggest both εἰς and εἷς.
- If you input εις and press enter without selecting a lemma, Verbum will return results for both surface forms (εἰς and εἷς).
Capitalization
You can choose whether to make surface text searches case sensitive by selecting or deselecting the Match Case option in the search panel.
English/Greek Character Map
Click here to download the English/Greek keyboard maps.
| Letter | Name | Keystroke | Letter | Name | Keystroke |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| α | alpha | a | Α | alpha | shift+a |
| β | beta | b | Β | beta | shift+b |
| γ | gamma | g | Γ | gamma | shift+g |
| δ | delta | d | Δ | delta | shift+d |
| ε | epsilon | e | Ε | epsilon | shift+e |
| ζ | zeta | z | Ζ | zeta | shift+z |
| η | eta | h | Η | eta | shift+h |
| θ | theta | q | Θ | theta | shift+q |
| ι | iota | i | Ι | iota | shift+i |
| κ | kappa | k | Κ | kappa | shift+k |
| λ | lambda | l | Λ | lambda | shift+l |
| μ | mu | m | Μ | mu | shift+m |
| ν | nu | n | Ν | nu | shift+n |
| ξ | xi | x | Ξ | xi | shift+x |
| ο | omicron | o | Ο | omicron | shift+o |
| π | pi | p | Π | pi | shift+p |
| ρ | rho | r | Ρ | rho | shift+r |
| σ | sigma | s | Σ | sigma | shift+s |
| ς | sigma (final) | v | |||
| τ | tau | t | Τ | tau | shift+t |
| υ | upsilon | u | Υ | upsilon | shift+u |
| φ | phi | f | Φ | phi | shift+f |
| χ | chi | c | Χ | chi | shift+c |
| ψ | psi | y | Ψ | psi | shift+y |
| ω | omega | w | Ω | omega | shift+w |
| Breathing | Name | Keystroke |
|---|---|---|
| ἁ | rough | [ |
| ἀ | smooth | ] |
| Accent | Name | Keystroke |
|---|---|---|
| ά | acute | / |
| ὰ | grave | \ |
| ᾶ | circumflex | = |
| Diacritic | Name | Keystroke |
|---|---|---|
| ̆ | breve | shift+2 |
| ~ | combining Greek perispomei | shift+` |
| ἀ | coronis | ] |
| ϊ | diaresis | ` |
| Ϝ | digamma | shift+ctrl+alt+d (Windows) shift+ctrl+opt+d (macOS) |
| ̇ | dot | shift+5 |
| ̣ | dot below | shift+6 |
| „ | double low quotation mark | shift+ctrl+alt+( (Windows) shift+ctrl+opt+( (macOS) |
| ‟ | double high quotation mark | shift+ctrl+alt+) (Windows) shift+ctrl+opt+) (macOS) |
| ϗ | kai (abbrev) | shift+7 |
| ʹ | keraia | shift+3 |
| Ϟ | koppa (lowercase) | shift+ctrl+alt+k (Windows) shift+ctrl+opt+k (macOS) |
| Ϙ | koppa (uppercase) | shift+ctrl+alt+a (Windows) shift+ctrl+opt+a (macOS) |
| ͵ | lower numeral sign | shift+4 |
| ̄ | macron | shift+1 |
| Ϲ | sigma (lunate) | shift+ctrl+alt+c (Windows) shift+ctrl+opt+c (macOS) |
| Ϡ | sampi | shift+ctrl+alt+p (Windows) shift+ctrl+opt+p (macOS) |
| ‹ | single left-pointing angle quotation mark | shift+ctrl+alt+< (Windows) shift+ctrl+opt+< (macOS) |
| › | single right-pointing angle quotation mark | shift+ctrl+alt+> (Windows) shift+ctrl+opt+> (macOS) |
| Ϛ | stigma | shift+ctrl+alt+s (Windows) shift+ctrl+opt+s (macOS) |
| ᾳ | subscript | j |
| ϳ | yot | ctrl+alt+j (Windows) ctrl+opt+j (macOS) |
Add System Keyboards
Advanced Verbum users may want to install additionals keyboards in their operating system in order to type original language characters in Verbum and elsewhere.
Note: The Verbum keyboard picker in Verbum overrides your system keyboard map. If you have a Greek or Hebrew keyboard active through your operating system, you do not need to use the Verbum keyboard picker.
In macOS:
- Open System Preferences > Keyboard
- Click Input Sources
- Click the Plus icon
- Select the keyboard you want, then click Add.
- Toggle between keyboards by clicking the keyboard icon in the menu bar.
Note: You can enable a virtual (clickable) keyboard by selecting Show keyboard & emoji viewers in the menu bar in the keyboard preferences dialog.
In Windows:
- Open Settings > Time & Language > Region & Language
- Select and add additional languages.
- Use Left Alt + Shift to switch between your normal keyboard and others.
Note: These instructions are for Windows 10, steps for different versions of the operating systems may vary.
Note: You can install a virtual (clickable) keyboard in Windows. See Verbum Original Language Keyboard.